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Vegetable Cultivar Trials on Molokai | ![]() |
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By: Alton Arakaki and Hector Valenzuela
University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human
Resources, Department of Horticulture, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu,
HI 96822
Results from cultivar and cultural trials with vegetable crops
conducted at the Molokai Applied Research and Demonstration Farm.
Overview
Cucumber Variety Trials
Broccoli Cultivar Trials
Carrot Cultivar Trials
Head Cabbage
Cultivar Trial
Chinese Cabbage Cultivar Trial
Daikon Cultivar
Trials
Zucchini Cultivar Trials
Seed Companies
Acknowledgements and Disclaimer
OVERVIEW
Cultivar and cultural trials with horticultural crops are
conducted on an ongoing basis at the Molokai Applied Research and
Demonstration Farm by University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension
Agents. Results are reported through field days and extension
leaflets distributed to local producers. However, the results of
some of these trials are applicable to producers state-wide,
especially for those growing vegetables in areas with
environmental conditions similar to those found in Molokai. For
more information on any of these trials please contact Alton
Arakaki, CES Molokai at 808-567-6833, or H. Valenzuela, UH Manoa
at 808-956-7903.
CUCUMBER VARIETY TRIALS
By: Alton Arakaki and Hector Valenzuela
Spring 1987 Trial
Trials were conducted to evaluate slicing cucumber production
during the Spring growing season in Molokai. All trials were
conducted at the Molokai Applied Research and Demonstration Farm.
For the first trial cucumber was seeded on Feb. 17, transplanted
on March 9 and harvested from April 4 to May 12, 1987. Plant
spacing was 1 ft between plants in the row and 5 ft between rows
for a final 8,680 plants/Acre density. The crop received 1000
lbs/Acre 10-30-10 at pre-plant and was post-plant fertigated with
10-18 lbs/Acre of 12-26-26 every other week up to the 4th week of
harvest. The trial consisted of three replications under trellis-
and one replication under ground-culture. Varieties used are
listed in Table Cu-1, and trial results in Tables Cu-2 (trellis)
and Cu-3 (ground culture).
Results
The top three yielding cultivars during the month long harvest
for the trellised trials were AC #1810, the UH
variety Ohia, and Slicenice. All yielded
over 75,000 lbs/Acre at populations of 8,680 plants/Acre. Percent
Grade A Fruits were over 55% for these three varieties while
percentage of OGs or culls was below 30% while this value for the
lower yielders (Table Cu-2) was above 40%, with the exception of
NVH-829. The top three yielding cultivars in the
ground-culture trial were Slicenice,
Ohia, and NVH 829. Therefore
Slicenice and the UH variety Ohia
performed well under both trellis- and ground-cultures. Overall
for the lower-yielding varieties yield was reduced by 45% and for
the high yielding ones by 33% when grown in the ground compared
to trellis-culture (Table Cu-3). Fruit quality was also higher
for cucumbers grown under trellis with an average 52% of Grade A
fruit compared to 36% for plants in ground culture. For
commercial production growers thus have to evaluate the benefits
of trellising including improved fruit quality, harvest
efficiency, and easier pest management (by improving better
aeration and possibly lower disease pressure, and by achieving
better foliage coverage with pesticide applications), compared to
the costs of placing the trellises.
Table Cu-1. Cucumber varieties evaluated for production in
Molokai, Spring, 1987.
Variety |
Disease tolerance |
Seed source |
AC #1810 |
1, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
Abbott |
Spring 442/Pollinator |
3, 4 |
Asgrow |
XPH1187 |
Asgrow |
|
Slice Nice |
1,2,3,4,5,6 |
Arco |
Castlehy 2512 |
Arco |
|
Castlemaster |
Arco |
|
NVH 2100 (Monarch) |
1,2,3,4,5,6 |
Northrup King |
NVH 829 |
3,4 |
Northrup King |
Ohia |
7 |
U.H. |
Milo |
7 |
U.H. |
1. Angular leaf spot |
4. Cucumber Mosaic Virus |
|
2. Anthracnose |
5. Cucumber Scab |
|
3. Powdery mildew |
6. Downy mildew |
|
7. WMV II |
Table Cu-2.Trellised cucumber cultivar yields in Molokai, Spring,
1987.
Cultivar | Total yields (lbs/Acre) | Marketable yields (lbs/Acre) |
Percent Grade A Fruits | Percent Grade B Fruits | Percent Off-grade | Percent Culls |
Higher Yielders |
||||||
AC #1810 |
106,722 |
84,361 |
68 |
11 |
20 |
1 |
Ohia |
106,286 |
78,408 |
59 |
15 |
26 |
0 |
Slicenice |
110,207 |
78,335 |
57 |
14 |
29 |
0 |
NVH 2100 |
102,511 |
72,454 |
54 |
16 |
29 |
0.4 |
Spring 442/Pollinator |
103,891 |
71,583 |
49 |
20 |
31 |
0.5 |
XPH11 87 |
108,392 |
71,075 |
52 |
13 |
34 |
0 |
Lower Yielders |
||||||
Castlemaster |
90,968 |
52,635 |
45 |
13 |
42 |
0 |
Milo |
94,598 |
51,909 |
43 |
11 |
45 |
0.5 |
NVH 829 |
78,858 |
51,197 |
50 |
15 |
35 |
0 |
Castlehy 2512 |
82,546 |
47,988 |
45 |
13 |
42 |
0.2 |
Table Cu-3. Ground culture cucumber cultivar yields in Molokai,
Spring, 1987.
Percent Percent
Total yields Marketable yields Grade A Grade B Percent Percent
Cultivar (lbs/Acre) (lbs/Acre) Fruits Fruits Off-grade Culls
Cultivar | Total yields (lbs/Acre) | Marketable yields (lbs/Acre) | Percent Grade A Fruits | Percent Grade B Fruits | Percent Off-grade | Percent Culls | Ground/ Trellis (%) |
Higher Yielders | |||||||
SliCenice |
101,495 |
55,756 |
40 |
14 |
45 |
0 |
71 |
Ohia |
107,152 |
50,529 |
39 |
8 |
52 |
1 |
64 |
NVH 829 |
89,734 |
44,866 |
32 |
18 |
49 |
1 |
88 |
NVH 2100 |
78,190 |
44,431 |
44 |
13 |
42 |
0.8 |
61 |
AC #1810 |
67,736 |
43,995 |
56 |
9 |
34 |
1 |
52 |
Lower Yielders |
|||||||
XPH1187 |
89,734 |
41,599 |
36 |
10 |
52 |
1 |
58 |
Sprint 442 |
97,574 |
38,896 |
25 |
14 |
59 |
0.9 |
54 |
Castlemaster |
70,132 |
34,630 |
36 |
14 |
49 |
1 |
66 |
Milo |
82,546 |
26,136 |
24 |
8 |
66 |
2 |
50 |
CastlHy 2512 |
46,174 |
25,700 |
32 |
23 |
44 |
0 |
53 |
Spring 1990 Trial
Plants were seeded on Jan. 18, transplanted on Feb. 5, and
harvested for about 3 weeks from March 13 to April 9, 1990. Plant
spacing was 1 ft between plants in the row and 5 ft between rows
for a final 8,680 plants/Acre density. Total plants per cultivar
in the trial were 210 with 15 plants per plot. The crop received
800 lbs/Acre 10-20-20 at pre-plant and was fertigated beginning 2
weeks after planting with 20 lbs/Acre of 20-20-20 every other
week up to the 4th week of harvest. Vydate at 1 gal/Acre was
applied 1 week prior to transplanting for nematode control. Poast
was applied for weedy grass control. Bayleton was applied for
powdery mildew, and benlate for anthracnose control. The pickling
varieties tested mature at about 55 days after planting.
Results
Results are shown in Table Cu-4. The top yielding varieties for
this trial were Sweet Slice, Blitz,
Burpeeana II, VGD-6054, and
Raider. Of the top varieties, the slicing type
Sweet Slice and the pickling-types Blitz,
and Triplemech had the higher percentage of high
quality Grade A fruit at >50% of total yields (Table Cu-4).
Slicenice which was also tested in 1987, also was
among the higher yielders in this trial which indicates its
possible adaptability to Molokai with potentials for commercial
production and stable yields. In your farm first grow new
cultivars on a small scale at least for a couple of seasons to
evaluate local adaptability, and to get acquainted with its
particular cultural requirements, prior to increasing planting
acreage significantly.
Table Cu-4.Ground culture cucumber cultivar yields in Molokai,
Spring, 1990.
Cultivar |
Source |
Total yields |
Percent Grade A Fruits |
Percent Grade B Fruits |
Percent Off-grade |
Percent Culls |
Higher Yielders |
||||||
Sweet Slice |
Peto |
2,078 |
1 |
7 |
33 |
8 |
Blitz |
Peto (pickling) |
2,001 |
2 |
0 |
26 |
11 |
Burpeeana II |
Burpee |
1,970 |
9 |
6 |
53 |
3 |
VGD-6054 |
Asgrow |
1,846 |
3 |
7 |
39 |
11 |
Raider |
Harris |
1,825 |
5 |
3 |
48 |
14 |
Slicenice |
ARCO |
1,773 |
7 |
7 |
47 |
8 |
Triplemech |
Peto (pickling) |
1,763 |
6 |
4 |
23 |
6 |
Maximore 102 |
Abbott |
1,721 |
8 |
0 |
57 |
5 |
Lower Yielders |
||||||
Gemini 7 |
Peto |
1,597 |
5 |
3 |
27 |
5 |
Lani |
UH |
1,587 |
5 |
0 |
47 |
8 |
Milo |
UH |
1,587 |
7 |
3 |
47 |
3 |
VGD-6165 |
Asgrow |
1,555 |
6 |
3 |
51 |
0 |
Amira II |
Peto |
1,504 |
7 |
5 |
59 |
8 |
Supersett |
Peto |
1,441 |
9 |
6 |
52 |
4 |
Dasher II |
Peto |
1,358 |
9 |
11 |
46 |
14 |
Calypso |
Abbott |
1,286 |
2 |
10 |
28 |
10 |
Armada |
Peto |
1,255 |
7 |
0 |
33 |
0 |
Maximore 100 |
Abbott |
1,244 |
6 |
9 |
35 |
0 |
Exp. Hybrid 474b |
Harris |
1,213 |
3 |
0 |
53 |
4 |
Cherokee |
Sun |
1,172 |
5 |
0 |
33 |
0 |
Dynasty |
Peto |
1,151 |
8 |
0 |
31 |
11 |
Standard cucumber varieties grown in Hawaii include 'Burpee
Hybrid II', 'New Market #2', 'Sweet Slice Hybrid', 'Lani' and
'Hilo' UH hybrids, 'Dasher II', 'Sakata #69', and 'Slicemaster'.
Other for-trial varieties which look promising include 'Genuine',
'Spring Swallow', 'Soarer', 'Southern Delight', 'Pegasus', Green
Knight', 'Tokyo Slicer', 'Conquistador', and 'Brocade.'
Recommended Cultural Practices for Cucumber Production in
Molokai.
1. Seeding. Seed in trays, transplant just before the seedling
roots fill the tray cell, approximately 14-16 days after seeding.
Seeds can also be direct seeded, 2 seeds per hill. All seed
should be treated with a fungicide but most commercial seed is
pre-treated.
2. Mulch. Mulch rows with 3-4 feet plastic mulch.
3. Irrigation. Drip tube beneath the plastic mulch.
4. Trellis and netting. Use 6'6" metal tee, placed 10 '
apart in rows, and through mulch 11 gauge wire with nylon mesh
net, 2 strands of wire are used to stretch the netting.
5. Plant spacing. 12-18 inches between plants, 5-6 feet between
rows.
6. Fertilization. Preplant 800-1000 lbs/Acre 10-30-10 placed
under
mulch. Liquid feed through the irrigation system, 10-15 lbs/Acre
20-20-20 every other week.
7. Training vines on trellis. Vines should be placed or trained
on trellis netting at least 3 times per week and daily during
periods of vigorous growth.
8. Pest Control. Insecticide treatments may be required for
leafminers, whiteflies, thrips and aphids. Inspect plants for
presence of insects before spraying. Even if insects are present
it does not mean they will cause economic damage. Try as much as
possible to gauge their density, and spray accordingly, to
maintain an insect population density below economic damage
levels.
Remember: there is a population of beneficial insects in the
field most of the time, helping to control harmful insects. It
has been documented that insects DO develop resistance to
persistently applied chemicals. Some scholars believe that it is
only a matter of time before insects build resistance to
particular insecticides.Fungicide treatments may be required for
powdery mildew management.
9. Irrigation. When the first fruit has formed, water moisture in
the soil must be maintained close to field capacity at all times.
Cucumbers have high water demand during fruit production.
Approximately 93-97 percent of the fruit is water plus
transpiration rates are high during this active growing state.
10. Harvest. During peak periods pick daily. At other times
harvest is conducted at no less than every other day. It is
important to remove all mature and damaged fruits from the plants
all the time, in order to maintain plant vigor.
BROCCOLI CULTIVAR TRIALS
By: Alton Arakaki and Hector Valenzuela
Introduction
Most of the broccoli consumed in Hawaii is imported from the
continental U.S. Five trials were conducted in Molokai to
evaluate the yield of several commercial cultivars during the
Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter.
Spring Experiment, 1986
Nine varieties were evaluated. The trial had 3 replications and 9
plants per replication. The crop was seeded in March 25 and
transplanted on April 22, 1986. The planting arrangement was a
double row-staggered planting with 2 ft between plants in the
row, 2.5 feet between rows, and 3 ft between plots for a density
of 5,787 plants/Acre. The plots received pre-plant 1000 lbs/Acre
10-30-10 and at post-planting side-dressed 640 lbs/Ac of calcium
nitrate. Results are shown in Table B-1. In this trial all
varieties were affected by hollow stem except Top
Star, which showed the highest yield. Aux. 7901
heads were non uniform in size and shape. Cape Queen
heads varied in size and tended to be lumpy. DeCicco
had a long stem and small flat heads that were fluffy and uneven.
Futura had a dome-shaped head.
Table B.1. Broccoli cultivar yields in Molokai, Spring 1986.
Head
Stem Head Yield Weight per Side- Tight- 1st harvest Last harvest
Cultivar size (in) size (in) (lb/Ac) plant (lbs) shoots ness1
(date) (date)
Cultivar |
Stem size (in) |
Head size (in) |
Yield (lb/Ac) |
Weight per plant (lbs) |
Side- shoots |
Head Tight- ness1 |
1st harvest (date) |
Last harvest (date) |
Higher Yielders |
||||||||
Top Star |
1.6 |
7.9 |
7,744 |
1.3 |
No |
1 |
Jun. 20 |
Jul. 11 |
Green Comet |
2 |
8 |
5,929 |
1 |
Yes |
2.7 |
Jun. 10 |
Jun. 20 |
Cape Queen |
2 |
8.7 |
5,808 |
1 |
Yes |
3 |
Jun. 13 |
Jun. 20 |
Citation |
1.8 |
7.2 |
5,505 |
0.9 |
Yes |
3 |
Jun. 3 |
Jun. 23 |
Lower Yielders |
||||||||
Bonanza |
1.8 |
8 |
4,840 |
0.8 |
Yes |
3 |
Jun. 3 |
Jun. 13 |
Aux. 7901 |
1.5 |
7.2 |
4,598 |
0.8 |
No |
2.7 |
Jun. 20 |
Jul. 2 |
Futura |
2 |
6 |
2,783 |
0.5 |
No |
3 |
Jun. 20 |
Jul. 11 |
De Cicco |
1.7 |
6 |
2,420 |
0.4 |
No |
4 |
Jun. 23 |
Jul. 11 |
Apollo | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
1 Yield at 5,787 plants/Acre.
Spring Experiment, 1991
Broccoli was seeded on Feb. 6 and transplanted on March 4, 1991.
The trial consisted of three replications with 15 plants per
replication. Planting distance was 0.75 ft between plants in the
row and 3.5 ft between rows for a population of 16,596
plants/Acre. 1000 lbs/Acre of 10-30-30 were applied at preplant,
and calcium nitrate at 640 lbs/Acre was side-dressed two weeks
after planting. Herbicide treatment was with Dacthal, and the
plots were also hand weeded as needed. Bravo and benlate were
used as fungicides, and pydrin and sevin for insect control.
Results are shown in Table B-2.
Table B.2. Broccoli cultivar yields in Molokai, Spring 1991
Cultivar |
Source |
Yield1 (lbs/Acre) |
Weight per plant (lbs/plant) |
Higher Yielders |
|||
Southern Crop |
Takii |
26,830 |
1.62 |
Premium Crop |
Takii/Peto |
23,787 |
1.43 |
Galaxy |
Asgrow |
23,511 |
1.41 |
Lower Yielders |
|||
Cruiser |
Takii |
19,915 |
1.2 |
Green Duke |
Takii |
14,936 |
0.9 |
Green Comet |
Abbott/Takii |
10,787 |
0.65 |
Cape Queen |
Takii |
10,510 |
0.63 |
1 Yield at 16,596 plants/Acre.
Summer Experiment
Plants were seeded on April 5 and transplanted on May 2, 1989.
Spacing was 0.75 ft between plants and 3.5 ft between rows for a
density of 16,596 plants/Acre. Total number of plants per variety
in the trial was 45. Land preparation included plow, disc,
pre-plant fertilizer application, and drip line laying. Pre-plant
fertilizer rates were 1000 lbs/Acre of 10-30-10, and calcium
nitrate at 640 lb/Acre was side-dressed after planting. Insect
control was with Pydrin and Sevin.
Results are shown in Table B-3.
Table B.3. Broccoli cultivar yields in Molokai, Summer 1989
Cultivar |
Percent Grade A |
Percent Grade B |
Percent Off-Grade |
Yield1 (lbs/Acre) |
Weight per plant (lbs) |
Higher Yielders |
|||||
Prominence |
5 |
75 |
20 |
7,283 |
0.44 |
Zeus |
100 |
0 |
0 |
7,283 |
0.44 |
Green Comet |
100 |
0 |
0 |
7,283 |
0.44 |
Green Top |
100 |
0 |
0 |
7,099 |
0.43 |
Lower Yielders |
|||||
Southern Commet |
100 |
0 |
0 |
6,085 |
0.36 |
Premium Crop |
100 |
0 |
0 |
5,716 |
0.34 |
Cape Queen |
0 |
100 |
0 |
5,808 |
0.35 |
Pinnacle |
0 |
77 |
22 |
5,347 |
0.32 |
1 Yield at 16,596 plants/Acre.
Fall and Winter Trials
For the Fall trial Premium Crop was seeded on Oct.
22, 1993 and was harvested from Dec. 27 to Jan. 5, 1994. Spacing
was 1 by 2.5 ft for a density of 17,425 plants/Acre. Yields at
this density were 1.4 lbs per head or 19,864 lbs/Acre. For the
winter trials broccoli was seeded on Oct. 27, 1986 and harvested
from Jan. 9 to Feb. 5, 1987. Plant spacing was 1.5 feet between
plants in the row and 5 ft between rows. Plants were fertilized
with 1000 lbs/Acre of 10-30-10 and were fertigated with 80
lbs/Acre of 12-26-26 applied once a week for 4 weeks. Results are
shown in Table B-4.
Table B.4. Broccoli cultivar yields in Molokai, Winter 1993.
Cultivar |
Date first harvest |
Date last harvest |
Yield1 (lbs/Acre) |
Weight per plant (lbs) |
Higher Yielders |
||||
XPH-852 |
Jan. 23 |
Feb. 5 |
8,334 |
1.44 |
Apollo |
Jan. 23 |
Feb. 3 |
6,969 |
1.2 |
Citation |
Jan. 23 |
Feb. 3 |
6,766 |
1.17 |
Gem |
Jan. 20 |
Feb. 5 |
6,504 |
1.12 |
Lower Yielders |
||||
Green Valiant |
Jan. 20 |
Feb. 5 |
6,417 |
1.1 |
Galaxy |
Jan. 9 |
Jan. 23 |
5,299 |
0.91 |
Packman |
Jan. 9 |
Jan. 28 |
4,936 |
0.85 |
Baccus |
Jan. 9 |
Jan. 23 |
3,107 |
0.54 |
So. Commet |
Jan. 15 |
Jan. 26 |
6,185 |
1.07 |
1 Yield at 16,596 plants/Acre.
Results
The top yielding varieties in the Spring were Southern
Crop, Premium Crop, and Galaxy. In
the Summer the higher yields were obtained by
Prominence, Zeus, Green
Comet, and Green Top. In the Winter the higher
yields were obtained by XPH-852, Apollo,
Citation, and Gem. Average overall yields
were 4,953 in the Spring 1986 (low yields due to hollow-heart),
18,611 in the Spring 1991, 6,488 lbs/Acre in the Summer, 19,864
lbs/Acre in the Fall, and 6,057 lbs/Acre in the Winter. Yields
for Premium were 23,787 in the Spring, 5,716 in the Summer, and
19,864 lbs/Acre in the Fall. Yields for Cape Queen were 10,510 in
the Spring and 5,808 lbs/Acre in the Summer. Yields for Southern
Comet were 6,080 in the Summer and 6,185 lbs/Acre in the Winter.
These data indicate that yields are in general lower in the
summer due to the higher temperatures, low during winter, perhaps
due to more diseases, and that some varieties are adapted in
Molokai for the specific growing seasons. The data also indicates
the maturity date for some of the varieties tested, which is
important to know for cultivar selection, and to schedule annual
marketing and farming operations.
CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS
By: Alton Arakaki and Hector Valenzuela
Introduction and Methods
Most of the carrot consumed in Hawaii is imported from the
continental U.S. However as new ag land becomes more available
the opportunity may exist for local production during specific
market windows, or for the local production of specialty carrots.
Cultivar trials with carrot were thus conducted in August and
again in October 1986 to evaluate yields and adaptability to
local Fall and Winter climatic conditions in Molokai. In the
first trial carrot was direct-seeded on Sep. 15, and harvested on
Dec. 6, 1986. The soil was treated with Vydate for nematode
management. The trial had 3 replications. The plants received
preplant 500 lb/Acre 10-30-10 and 500 lbs/Acre 10-30-10
side-dressed 4 weeks after seeding. Results shown in Table C-1
include yields obtained for both thinned and unthinned plots.
Table C-1.Carrot cultivar yields in Molokai, seeded Sept. 15,
1986.
Thinned Plots
Thinned Plots |
|||||
Cultivar |
Thinned yields (lbs/Acre) |
Un-thinned yield (lbs/Acre) |
Percent Grade A Fruits |
Percent Grade B Roots |
Percent culls |
Higher Yielders |
|||||
Charger |
6,978 |
6,978 |
58 |
0 |
52 |
Fanci Pak |
6,385 |
27,299 |
65 |
0 |
34 |
Orlando Gold PS |
9,874 |
16,844 |
69 |
0 |
31 |
Short in Sweet |
28,338 |
28,918 |
8 |
50 |
40 |
Lower Yielders |
|||||
Toudo |
18,455 |
0 |
67 |
0 |
33 |
Orlando Gold |
12,197 |
15,682 |
35 |
0 |
65 |
Red Cored Chatney |
18,455 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
PSX 6283 |
3,928 |
19,167 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
Nantes Half Long |
871 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
1 Yield at 69,440 plants/Acre.
For the second trial the crop was seeded on Oct. 23 and harvested
in 3 Feb., 1987. Spacing was 3 inches between plants in the row
and 30 in between rows for a density of 69,440 plants/Acre. Plots
received 500 lb/Acre of 10-30-10 pre-plant, and were post-plant
side-dressed with 500 lbs/Ac 10-30-10.
Results
Results are shown in Table C-2. A major problem was experienced
due to overseeding. The best varieties on terms of yields and
marketability were Charger, Fanci Pak,
and Orlando Gold in the first trial and
Apache and Crunchy in the follow-up
trial. Cultivar differences were observed in their response to
high density (un-thinned) plantings. The lower performance of
Orlando Gold in the first trial may indicate its
lower adaptability to the warmer conditions experienced during
the late Summer/early Fall in Molokai than in the cooler late
Fall conditions.
Table C-2. Carrot variety yields in Molokai, seeded Oct. 23, 1987
Cultivar |
Yield (lbs/Acre) |
Weight per plant (lbs) |
Apache |
82,473 |
1.19 |
Crunchy |
80,150 |
1.15 |
Dess Dan |
45,305 |
0.65 |
Nantes Mexican Strain |
31,365 |
0.45 |
Gold keeper |
24,395 |
0.35 |
Orlando Gold |
24,395 |
0.35 |
Golden State |
22,652 |
0.33 |
Olympiad |
20,910 |
0.3 |
Goldmine |
17,425 |
0.25 |
Dominator |
16,263 |
0.23 |
HEAD CABBAGE SUMMER
CULTIVAR TRIAL
By: Alton Arakaki and Hector Valenzuela
Methods
A trial was conducted to evaluate the growth of 20 head cabbage
varieties in Molokai during the Summer months. The crop was
seeded on May 2, transplanted on June 2, and harvested 70 days
later. The experiment had 3 replications per variety with 6
plants used per plot. Spacing was 1 ft between plants in the row
and 5 feet between rows for a plant population of 8,713 plants
per acre.
Results
Results are shown in Table Cab-1, including the projected yields
at standard commercial plant populations of 14,460 used when
plants are spaced 1.5 by 2 feet.
Table Cab-1. Yield of Head Cabbage in Molokai
Cultivar |
Weight per head (lb) |
Yield at low density,1 x 5 ft (lb/Acre) |
Yield at high density, 1.5 x 2 ft (lb/Acre) |
Higher Yielders |
|||
Green Cup |
2.5 |
22,145 |
36,752 |
Scarlet O'Hara2 |
1.5 |
13,069 |
21,690 |
Southern Treasure |
1.48 |
12,948 |
21,489 |
Globe King |
1.02 |
8,955 |
14,861 |
KK Cross |
0.94 |
8,228 |
13,656 |
Resist Crown |
0.91 |
7,986 |
13.255 |
KY Cross |
0.9 |
7,856 |
13,054 |
Globe Master |
0.83 |
7,260 |
12,050 |
Resist Top |
0.8 |
7,018 |
11,648 |
Mighty Globe |
0.8 |
7,018 |
11,648 |
Lower Yielders |
|||
CG Cross |
0.77 |
6,776 |
11,246 |
NS Cross |
0.77 |
6,776 |
11,246 |
Green Commet1 |
0.69 |
6,050 |
10,041 |
Rapid Ball |
0.67 |
5,808 |
9640 |
YR Summer |
0.67 |
5,808 |
9,640 |
Tight Globe |
0.55 |
4,840 |
8,033 |
Heads Up3 |
0.3 |
2,420 |
4,016 |
Fortune |
0.19 |
1,694 |
2,811 |
Green Stone |
0.33 |
2,904 |
4,820 |
Sun Up3 |
0.37 |
3,267 |
5,422 |
1 | Takii |
2 | Shephards |
3 | Harris Moran |
CHINESE CABBAGE TRIAL
By: Alton Arakaki and Hector Valenzuela
Methods
A trial was conducted to evaluate the growth of two Chinese
cabbage varieties during the Winter in Molokai. The crop was
seeded in Oct. 22, 1993 and harvested from Dec. 27 to Jan. 15,
1994. Spacing was 2.5 ft between rows and 1 ft between plants in
the row, for a density of 17,426 plants/Acre.
Results
The yields obtained were:
Cultivar | Yield (lbs/Acre) | Weight per plant (lbs) |
AS Veg #1 | 58,150 | 3.3 |
189 Miniture | 43,565 | 2.5 |
DAIKON CULTIVAR
TRIALS IN POAMOHO
By: Hector Valenzuela
Methods
A trial was conducted in the Summer 1994 to evaluate the growth
of 18 daikon varieties at the University of Hawaii Poamoho
Experiment Station in Oahu. The station is located at 870 ft
elevation and has 45 inches median annual rainfall. The red
Wahiawa silt clay soil is derived from basalt that is kaolinitic
with oxides of iron and manganese with pH of 5-6.5 and organic
matter content of 2%. The crop was direct seeded on July 15,
1994. Standard protocols were followed for commercial daikon
production. 'Chinese Improved Earliest', the earliest cultivar
and the standard variety grown in Oahu was harvested on August 29
and on Sept. 11. The other varieties were harvested on Sept. 12
and 19th. The trial consisted of two replications, with 30 feet
per replication. Plant spacing was 3-4 inches between plants, and
two rows per bed. Distance between rows in the bed was 1 feet and
distance between beds was 2 feet, for an estimated final
population density of 115,733 plants per Acre.
Daikon Cultivar Descriptions
Summer Mino Early (Marutane). Japanese long white, heat
resistant, root about 18 in long, and 2 in diameter, neck color
is white, medium slow bolting, tolerant against virus, black rot
and soft rot, grows well in subtropical areas, excellent
uniformity and easy to grow.
Kyoto flash (Marutane). Japanese long white. About 13 in
long and 3 in diameter, 2 lb each.. Neck color is green, good
mild taste.
Spring Joy (Marutane). Japanese long white, Very slow
bolting, about 12 in long, and 4 in diameter, neck color is
green, Suitable for greenhouse production, easy growing and
excellent taste.
All Season or Tokinashi (Marutane). Open pollinated.
Japanese long white. Extra slow bolting. Root about 16 in long
and 2 in diameter, white neck color.
Omny (Sakata). F-1 hybrid. More vigorous than All
Season. Tolerant to premature bolting. Slightly green on neck
end. Suitable for close planting. Root about 16 in long. Virus,
black rot and soft rot tolerant.
SOA 0102 and 0103 (Sakata)
Narumi (Mikado)
April Cross (Takii). Extra low bolting, vary late pithiness.
White neck, 16 in long, 1.5-2 lb, excellent quality for cooking,
pickling, salad.
Minowase Summer Cross No. 3 (Takii). Resistant to virus,
fusarium, and heat. Excellent quality, white neck, 16 in long,
1.5-2 lb, excellent quality for cooking, pickling,salad.
Relish Cross (Takii). Excellent quality, very late
pithiness, green neck, 15 in long, 1.5-2 lb, good quality for
cooking, pickling, salad. High tolerance to virus.
Shariki (Kyowa). Hybrid. Compact and erected leaves with
green shoulder. Weighs about 3 lb and is 14 in long and 2.5 in
diameter.
Red Coat (Know You). Plants are small, erect, vigorous,
tolerant to TuMV, good for close planting. Straight roots are
about 8 in long and 2 in diameter. Purple-red skin and flesh,
suitable for salad.
Kyoto Ball (Marutane). Japanese ball type, Excellent
uniformity. Root about 6 in length and 6 in diameter, and 4 lb
each. Neck color light green. Flesh is white and texture is crisp
and mild, good for boiling.
Nova Shogoin (Marutane). Japanese ball type, about 6 in
long and 6 in diameter, weight per root is about 2 lbs, light
green neck color.
High Snow (Know You). Hybrid. Plants are large, vigorous
and early. Roots are 10 in long and 3 in diameter, about 2 lbs.
Straight, white skin, and flesh, fine texture and high yielding.
Good for warm season planting.
Results
Results are shown in Table D-1. Yields of about 40 MT/Acre or
greater were obtained by 'Chinese Improved Earliest', 'Kyoto
Flash', 'April Cross', and 'SDA-0103'. 'High Snow' roots had
similar desirable characteristics as the standard 'Chinese
Improved Earliest', but yields were about 40% lower. This variety
may thus be useful as a second choice if seed for 'Chinese
Improved' is unavailable. Root dimensions were obtained from 3-4
roots per variety and were in general smaller than those values
reported by the seed catalogs. 'Red Coat' had uniform roots and
should be promising for salads and for pickled dishes. Follow-up
trials are being conducted for winter production in Poamoho and
Volcano and results will be reported as they become available.
Table D-1. Yields and yield parameters of daikon cultivars grown
in Poamoho, Summer 1994.
Cultivar |
Total Marketable yields (lb/Ac) |
Percent Grade A |
Percent Grades A & B |
Marketable Weight per 30 ft row (lbs) |
Root diameter (in) |
Root length (in) |
Mean root weight (lb) |
Long Type, Higher Yields |
|||||||
SDA-0103 |
44,768 |
85 |
87 |
46 |
2.1 |
12.9 |
0.99 |
April Cross |
41,798 |
87 |
89 |
43 |
2.1 |
15 |
0.98 |
Kyoto Flash |
39,676 |
84 |
86 |
41 |
2.1 |
12.7 |
1.2 |
Chinese Improved |
39,464 |
82 |
93 |
41 |
|||
Relish Cross |
36,918 |
93 |
88 |
38 |
2.2 |
12.6 |
1.03 |
SDA-0102 |
35,221 |
92 |
98 |
36 |
2.5 |
12.7 |
1.24 |
Long Type, Lower Yields |
|||||||
Marumi |
32,675 |
87 |
87 |
34 |
2.1 |
10.6 |
0.78 |
Shariki |
30,128 |
94 |
96 |
31 |
2.2 |
12.4 |
0.93 |
Minowase Summer |
28,219 |
87 |
86 |
29 |
2.1 |
15 |
1.16 |
High Snow |
24,612 |
94 |
94 |
25 |
2.9 |
10.9 |
1.4 |
Spring Joy |
24,440 |
86 |
71 |
25 |
1.9 |
12.9 |
1.07 |
Red Coat |
22,278 |
90 |
90 |
15 |
2.4 |
7.8 |
0.68 |
Summer Mino |
22,066 |
87 |
76 |
23 |
2.2 |
16.3 |
1.1 |
Omny |
21,005 |
92 |
91 |
22 |
2.2 |
14.7 |
1.35 |
All Season |
11,457 |
60 |
79 |
12 |
1.6 |
10.5 |
0.42 |
Ball Type |
|||||||
Nova Shogoin |
23,339 |
51 |
82 |
24 |
3.3 |
5.8 |
0.85 |
Kyoto Ball |
15,700 |
69 |
80 |
16 |
4 |
5 |
1.1 |
ZUCCHINI CULTIVAR TRIALS
By: Hector Valenzuela and Stacy Riede
Methods
A trial was conducted in the Summer 1994 to evaluate the growth
of 7 zucchini varieties at the University of Hawaii Poamoho
Experiment Station in Oahu. The station is located at 870 ft
elevation and has 45 inches median annual rainfall. The red
Wahiawa silt clay soil is derived from basalt that is kaolinitic
with oxides of iron and manganese with pH of 5-6.5 and organic
matter content of 2%. The crop was direct seeded on July 13,
1994. Standard protocols were followed for commercial zucchini
production. The fruit was first picked on August 15th, and was
thereon picked 10 times for four weeks. The plants were spaced 5
feet between hills and 6 feet between rows. The field was thinned
to two plants per hill. The crop was bordered by several sweet
corn rows and several malathion baited lures were placed in the
plots for melon fly control. The varieties were monitored and
rated based on their susceptibility (as determined by apparent
visual "silver leaf" symptoms) to the silver leaf
whitefly. Some viral symptoms developed late in the crop growth
cycle and had no apparent effect on final yields.
Zucchini Cultivar Descriptions
Elite (Harris Moran). Hybrid. Earlier than other
varieties. Fruits are long and slim and when picked young,
cylindrical in shape.. A lustrous sheen to fruit color adds
attractiveness to the fruit. Fruit color is medium green, shape
is long, nearly cylindrical. High yields.
Midnight (Harris Moran). Hybrid. Very dark green fruit,
fruit is cylindrical with blunt ends, uniform fruit shape, and
holds green color well under light sunlight.
Elira (Nunhems). F1 hybrid. Medium vigorous plant
growth, open plant habit. Medium long, cylindrical fruits. Dark
green, glossy color, high yielding, suitable for field and
greenhouse production.
Botna (Nunhems). F1 hybrid. Vigorous growth. Single stem
without laterals, long, slender, cylindrical fruits, medium
green, glossy fruit color, flecked with light green. Fruit easy
to pick, suitable for field or greenhouse production.
Giada (Nunhems). F1 hybrid, vigorous plant growth, open
plant habit. Medium early harvests, medium long,
global/cylindrical fruit shape, light green to white colored
fruits, very productive
Commander (PetoSeed). Dark green fruit with fine
speckles, refined blossom end, open plant type, early maturity
approx. 48 days. Cylindrical fruit, vigorous bush, fruit 8-9 in
long, good for processing and fresh market.
Ambassador (PetoSeed). High yields over a long season
and earliness. Fruit has a medium green, waxy exterior. Open
plant habit. Fruit is 7-8 in long, cylindrical and smooth, plant
type is compact bush, open habit with easy picking.
Results
Trial results are shown in Table Zu-1. 'Giada', a white fruited
variety had the greatest yields producing over 34 tons per acre.
Other top yielders were 'Ambassador' which is the standard green
zucchini variety in Hawaii, 'Botna', and 'Elite'. The top
yielders had greater fruit quality with approximately 50% of
fruit produced graded as marketable, and with 30-37% of all fruit
produced classified as Grade A. About 50% of the fruit produced
for all varieties was graded as jumbos (graded here as
unmarketable). Due to labor limitations we only harvested 2-3
times per week, instead of daily pickings as is done
commercially, which resulted in the large incidence of jumbos.
'Commander' showed the least incidence of silverleaf whitefly
with below moderate damage levels. The other varieties showed
intermediate damage levels, while 'Botna' had the highest damage
ratings, among all varieties tested. The whitefly was not a
significant problem in this trial, but information on tolerance
to whitefly feeding may be important for cultivar selection in
locations where high whitefly numbers are expected. Similar
observations were made in trials conducted in Waianae in which
'Classic' showed the least symptoms, 'Ambassador' was
intermediate and 'Spineless' zucchini showed the most damage from
whitefly feeding (unpublished data).
Table Zu-1. Zucchini cultivar yields in Poamoho Station, Summer
1994.
Cultivar & (seed source) |
Yield per 100 ft row (lbs) |
Yield per Acre (lbs)(z) |
Fruit No. per Acre |
Marketable/ Total Fruit Weight (%) |
Percent Grade A by weight(y) |
Percent Grade B by weight(y) |
Whitefly damage index |
Giada (Harris) |
216a(x) |
31,262a |
34,262a |
50 |
37a |
12a |
3.4bc |
Ambassador (Peto) |
173ab |
25,144ab |
28,384ab |
48 |
31ab |
17a |
3.3b |
Botna (Nuhmems) |
173ab |
25,134ab |
28,766ab |
46 |
30ab |
16a |
4.9d |
Elite (Harris) |
166ab |
24,044ab |
27,046ab |
45 |
26abc |
19a |
3.7bc |
Midnight (Harris) |
115bc |
16,657bc |
20,452bc |
38 |
23bc |
15a |
4.1c |
Commander (Peto) |
113bc |
16,422bc |
18,628c |
36 |
17c |
19a |
2.2a |
Elira (Nunhems) |
102c |
14,760c |
17,456c |
39 |
22bc |
17a |
3.4bc |
(z) Yields based on density of about 3,000 hills per acre
(spacing of 3 by 3 ft).
(y) Percent Grade A and B fruit is based on percent out of total
fruit weight produced per plant including culls and jumbos. Jumbo
fruit yields were similar to marketable yields and were not
included as marketable fruit. The large number of jumbos was due
to the infrequent harvesting (2-3 times per week instead of
weekly as is done in commercial operations).
(x) Numbers followed by the same letter within each column are
not significantly different according to Duncans New multiple
range test (P<0.05).
SEED COMPANIES
Champion Seed
529 Mercury Lane
Brea, CA 92621
Known-you seed Co., Ltd.
26, Chung Cheng 2nd Road
Kaohsiung
Taiwan
Kyowa Seed Co., Ltd
15-13 Nanpeidai
Shibuya-ku
Tokyo, Japan
Murutane Co. Ltd.
C.P.O. Box 65
Kyoto 600 Japan
Sakata Seed America Inc. (also see Champion Seed)
POB 880
18905 Serene Dr.
Morgan Hill, CA 95037-0880
American Takii, Inc. (also see Champion)
301 Natividad Rd
Salinas, CA 93906
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thank-you to: the listed seed companies for supplying seed
samples; to Stacy Riede for help in experiment design and
preparation; to Richard Nakano and the staff at Poamoho
Experiment station for excellent field maintenance, data
collection, and for helping to host the field day in September
1994.
DISCLAIMER
Reference to a company or product name does not imply approval or
recommendation of the product by the College of Tropical
Agriculture and Human Resources, Cooperative Extension Service,
University of Hawaii, or the United State Department of
Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of
other products that may be suitable. All materials should be used
in accordance with label instructions or manufacturer's
directions.